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Misinformation Lexicon: Sources

Find definitions for common types of misinformation and disinformation, including propaganda, conspiracy theories, deepfakes, and more.

Sources and Further Reading

CNN Money, PR Firm Admits It’s Behind Wal-Mart Blogs. Oct. 20, 2006.

Kujawski, M. Misinformation vs. Disinformation vs. Mal-information. Medium, Sept. 5, 2019.

Lewandowsky, S., et al. Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Sept. 17, 2012.

Sample, I. What Are Deepfakes—and How Can You Spot Them? The Briefing, The Guardian, Jan. 13, 2020.

Strauss, V. Word of the Year: Misinformation. Here’s Why. Answer Sheet, The Washington Post, Dec. 10, 2018.

Thorson, E. Belief Echoes: The Persistent Effects of Corrected Misinformation. Political Communication, 33.3, 2016.

Wardle, C. 6 Types of Misinformation Circulated This Election Season. Columbia Journalism Review, Nov. 18, 2016.

Wardle,C. Fake News. It’s Complicated. First Draft, Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy, Feb. 16, 2017.

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