General
Many of the numbers and tables you'll find from the resources here will relate back to the type of inequality you're looking at for this class (those being class, gender, and race).
You'll find some data here--that is, raw numbers gathered as a part of a study that is compiled into a dataset, but you'll mostly find statistics here--numbers likely in tables that tell you "how much" or "how many" which have already undergone some type of data analysis.
- Statistical Abstract of the United States (1878-2012)"Comprehensive summary of data on political, social, and economic organizations of the United States."
- FedStatsProvides access to statistical information produced by Federal agencies without having to know what agency produced the data.
Health
Location: Urban, Suburban, and Rural
- USDA Rural Information CenterFind information and statistics on rural housing, education, health, and more from the United States Department of Agriculture.
Labor
- Economic Mobility Project - Pew Charitable TrustsThis Pew Trust site provides information provides data on the financial security and mobility of American families.
Poverty and Inequality
Searching Google for Statistics
The list on this page is not comprehensive--there are many sites with credible, relevant statistics freely available on the Web for you to use. Of course, Google searches don't guarantee the information you find will be credible.
To help with this, search .gov sites for statistical information by doing a search like this:
Combine terms that are relevant to your topic. I've used "Labor statistics" here, but you can use terms like gender, crime, health, et cetera.