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The notes and bibliography system is preferred in the arts and humanities.
The following examples display the entry first as it would appear in the bibliography (B), the footnote/endnote (F), and the shortened footnote/endnote (SF), which is used when a source is cited more than once. Notes are numbered consecutively throughout a paper and include references to specific page numbers. Bibliographic entries use hanging indentation, while footnotes and endnotes use paragraph-style indentation. See the information box to the right for more information.
Two Authors:
B:
2. Weinberg, Arthur, and Lila Weinberg. Clarence Darrow: A Sentimental Rebel. New York: Putnam's Sons, 1980.
F:
2. Arthur Weinberg and Lila Weinberg, Clarence Darrow: A Sentimental Rebel (New York: Putnam's Sons, 1980), 56.
SF:
2. Weinberg and Weinberg, Clarence Darrow, 56.
Four or More Authors:
For four or more authors, list all of the authors in the bibliography; in the note, list only the first author, followed by et al. (“and others”):
F:
2. Dana Barnes et al., Plastics: Essays on American Corporate Ascendance in the 1960s...
SF:
2. Barnes et al., Plastics...
B:
3. Dayan, Peter. “The Romantic Renaissance.” In Poetry in France, edited by Keith Aspley and Peter France, 333-43. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1992.
F:
3. Peter Dayan, “The Romantic Renaissance,” in Poetry in France, ed. Keith Aspley and Peter France (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1992), 341.
SF:
3. Dayan, “The Romantic Renaissance,” 341.
B:
4. Rolle, Andrew F. California: A History. 5th ed. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1998.
F:
4. Andrew F. Rolle, California: A History, 5th ed. (Wheeling, IL: Harland Davidson, 1998), 243.
SF:
4. Rolle, California, 243.
B:
5. Hall, Kermit L, and James W. Ely, Jr., eds. The Oxford Guide to Supreme Court Decisions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
F:
5. Kermit L. Hall and James W. Ely, Jr., eds, The Oxford Guide to Supreme Court Decisions, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 178.
SF:
5. Hall and Ely, The Oxford Guide to Supreme Court Decisions, 178.
B:
6. Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.
F:
6. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), 91–92.
SF:
6. Lattimore, Iliad, 24.
Cite these as you would a traditional book, but add the medium in which the book was accessed or a DOI or URL to the end of the citation. Since some e-readers do not use traditional pages to cite locations in a text you can include a chapter, section, or other information to cite a location.
B:
7. Mackenzie, F. A. Korea's Fight for Freedom. Seattle, Washington: Amazon & Public Domain Books, 2004. Kindle edition.
F:
7. F. A. Mackenzie, Korea's Fight for Freedom (Seattle, Washington: Amazon & Public Domain Books, 2004), location 35. Kindle edition.
SF:
7. Mackenzie, Korea's Fight for Freedom.
B:
8. Thrall, Grant Ian. Land Use and Urban Form. New York: Methuen, 1987. http://rri.wvu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Land-Use-and-Urban-Form1.pdf
F:
8. Grant Ian Thrall, Land Use and Urban Form (New York: Methuen, 1987), http://rri.wvu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Land-Use-and-Urban-Form1.pdf
SF:
8. Thrall, Land Use and Urban Form.
B:
9. Park, Soyeon. Underground. Seoul, South Korea: Daltagi, 2011. PDF e-book.
F:
9. Soyeon Park, Underground (Seoul, South Korea: Daltagi, 2011), location 55. PDF e-book.
SF:
9. Park, Underground.
In a note, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the bibliography, list the page range for the whole article.
B:
10. Robertson, Noel. "The Dorian Migration and Corinthian Ritual." Classical Philology 75, no. 2 (1980): 1-22.
F:
10. Noel Robertson, "The Dorian Migration and Corinthian Ritual," Classical Philology 75, no. 2 (1980): 16.
SF:
10. Robertson, "The Dorian Migration and Corinthian Ritual," 16.
B:
11. Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree.” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 0-145. Accessed December 5, 2008. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.
F:
11. Henry E. Bent, “Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree,” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 141, accessed December 5, 2008, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286
SF:
11. Bent, “Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree,” 141.
B:
12. King, Victoria. "The Domesday Book." History Magazine, October/November 2001, 275-7
F:
12. Victoria King, "The Domesday Book," History Magazine, October/November 2001, 276.
SF:
12. King, "The Domesday Book," 276.
B:
13. YoungSmith, Barron. "Green Room." Slate, February 4, 2009. http://www.slate.com/id/2202431/.
F:
13. Barron YoungSmith, "Green Room," Slate, February 4, 2009, http://www.slate.com/id/2202431/.
SF:
13. YoungSmith, "Green Room."
B:
14. Deo, Nisha. “Visiting Professor Lectures on Photographer.” Exponent (West Lafayette, IN), Feb. 13, 2009.
F:
14. Nisha Deo, “Visiting Professor Lectures on Photographer,” Exponent (West Lafayette, IN), Feb. 13, 2009.
SF:
14. Deo, “Visiting Professor Lectures on Photographer.”
B:
15. "Senatorial Contest in Illinois – Speech of Mr. Lincoln." New York Times, July 16, 1858, 4.
F:
15. "Senatorial Contest in Illinois – Speech of Mr. Lincoln," New York Times, July 16, 1858, 4.
SF:
15. "Senatorial Contest in Illinois – Speech of Mr. Lincoln," 4.
References to conversations or to letters, e-mail or text messages, and the like received by the author are usually run in to the text or given in a note. They are rarely listed in a bibliography. The Chicago Manual of Style 16, 14.222.
F:
16. Constance Conlon, e-mail message to author, April 17, 2000.
SF:
16. Conlon, e-mail.
B:
17. Cotter, Cory. "The Weakest Link: The Argument for On-Wrist Band Welding." Unpublished manuscript, last modified December 3, 2008. Microsoft Word file.
F:
17. Cory Cotter, "The Weakest Link: The Argument for On-Wrist Band Welding" (unpublished manuscript, December 3, 2008), Microsoft Word file.
SF:
17. Cotter, "The Weakest Link."
B:
18. D'Erasmo, Stacy. "The Craft and Career of Writing." Lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, April 26, 2000.
F:
18. Stacy D'Erasmo, "The Craft and Career of Writing" (Lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, April 26, 2000).
SF:
18. D'Erasmo, "The Craft and Career of Writing."
B:
19. Egmont Manuscripts. Phillipps Collection. University of Georgia Library.
F:
19. James Oglethorpe to the Trustees, 13 January 1733, Phillipps Collection of Egmont Manuscripts,14200:13, University of Georgia Library.
SF:
19. Oglethorpe to the Trustees, 1733, Egmont Manuscipts.
B:
20. Kallen, Horace. Papers. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York.
F:
20. Alvin Johnson, memorandum, 1937, file 36, Horace Kallen Papers, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York.
SF:
20. Memorandum, 1937, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research.
B:
21. Revere Family Papers. Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.
F:
21. Revere's Waste and Memoranda Book (vol. 1, 1761-83; vol. 2, 1783-97), Revere Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.
SF:
21. Waste and Memoranda Book, Revere Family Papers.
B:
22. National Park Service. “Catoctin Mountain Park.” Last modified November 8, 2011. http://www.nps.gov/cato/index.htm.
F:
22. “Catoctin Mountain Park,” National Park Service, last modified November 8, 2011, http://www.nps.gov/cato/index.htm.
SF:
22. “Catoctin Mountain Park.”
B:
23. Neuman, Scott. “As Occupy Camps Close, What's Next For Movement?” National Public Radio. November 15, 2011. http://www.npr.org/2011/11/15/142359267/as-occupy-camps-close-whats-next-for-movement.
F:
23. Scott Neuman, “As Occupy Camps Close, What's Next For Movement?,” National Public Radio, November 15, 2011, http://www.npr.org/2011/11/15/142359267/as-occupy-camps-close-whats-next-for-movement.
SF:
23. Neuman, “As Occupy Camps Close, What's Next For Movement?”
B:
24. "Illinois Governor Wants to 'Fumigate' State's Government.” CNN.com. Last modified January 30, 2009. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/30/illinois.governor.quinn/.
F:
24. "Illinois Governor Wants to 'Fumigate' State's Government,” CNN.com, Last modified January 30, 2009, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/30/illinois.governor.quinn/.
SF:
24. "Illinois Governor Wants to 'Fumigate' State's Government.”
Note: Almost all legal works use notes for documentation and few use bibliographies. The examples in this section, based on the recommendations in The Bluebook, are accordingly given in note form only. The Chicago Manual of Style 16, 14.283.
A. Constitutions,
F:
25. U.S. Const. art. I, § 4, cl. 2.
SF:
26. U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 2.
B. United States Supreme Court decisions,
F:
27. AT&T Corp. v. Iowa Utils. Bd., 525 U.S. 366 (1999).
SF:
27. AT&T, 525 U.S. at 366-367.
C. Lower federal-court decisions,
F:
28. United States v. Dennis, 183 F. 201 (2d Cir. 1950).
SF:
28. Dennis, 183 F. at 202.
D. State- and local-court decisions,
F:
29. Williams v. Davis, 27 Cal. 2d 746 (1946).
SF:
29. Williams, 27 Cal. 2d 746.
Note: Almost all legal works use notes for documentation and few use bibliographies. The examples in this section, based on the recommendations in The Bluebook, are accordingly given in note form only. The Chicago Manual of Style 16, 14.283.
A. Laws and statutes,
F:
30. Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135 (2002).
F:
31. Homeland Security Act of 2002, 6 U.S.C. § 101 (2002).
B. Bills and resolutions,
F:
32. Homeland Security Act of 2002, H.R. 5005, 107th Cong. (2002).
C. Hearings,
33. Homeland Security Act of 2002: Hearing on H.R. 5005, Day 3, Before the Select Comm. on Homeland Security, 107th Cong. 203 (2002) (statement of David Walker, Comptroller General of the United States).
This information is courtesy of Waidner-Spahr Library at Dickinson University
Use this list to jump to specific sample types:
The Notes and Bibliography style of Chicago citations uses footnotes or endnotes to introduce resources as they are cited in a document. There is a bibliography at the end of the document.
When using the Notes and Bibliography style, be aware of the following: